Mi propósito es publicar algunos links que permitan ampliar lo que expuse en mi artículo del 19 de octubre de 2013. Decidí subirlos como un artículo nuevo porque supuse que irían a llamar más la atención que una respuesta puntual al comentario efectuado por un lector.
1) "On the Notation of Maxwell's Field Equations", André Waser, 28/06/2000.
André Waser, Birchli, CH-8840 Einsidelm; andre.waser@aw-verlag.ch
https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/kkieu/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/01/Orig_maxwell_equations.pdf
2)
"http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside"
En especial, reproduzco un fragmento con un resaltado propio:
Maxwellianismo
La primera
edición del
Tratado sobre la electricidad y el magnetismo de Maxwell se
publicó en 1873 y Heaviside lo conoció inmediatamente, quedando profundamente
impresionado por su contenido, aunque inicialmente no comprendió bien su
novedad (como la mayoría de los lectores contemporáneos), sobre todo en lo
relacionado con las
ondas electromagnéticas y su propagación por
el medio (el
éter
como
dieléctrico).
El aparato matemático utilizado, basado en
cuaterniones,
también superaba sus capacidades del momento. Por todo ello dedicó varios años
a su estudio profundo y en 1876 comenzó a citarlo en sus propios trabajos. La
temprana muerte de Maxwell en 1879 supuso un cambio radical de circunstancias,
pues no podían esperarse ya aportaciones del maestro a una teoría muy
necesitada de ellas y de ser dada a conocer al público. Heaviside tomó sobre sí
esta tarea y, según su propia confesión, empezó a realizarla conscientemente
desde 1882. Pero no se limitó a una repetición del contenido del
Tratado
como "texto sagrado" (como terminaría sucediendo con la corriente
maxwelliana de Cambridge;
J. J. Thomson llegó a llamar a Heaviside
"maxwelliano apóstata"), sino que realizó una reelaboración, una
depuración y una ampliación del mismo que dio como resultado lo que la ciencia
actual conoce como teoría de Maxwell.
Hoy suele
hablarse como cosa evidente de "las cuatro ecuaciones de Maxwell",
pero conviene saber que el verdadero número de las que contiene el Tratado
es de trece. La síntesis final y la clarificación teórica que representan las
cuatro ecuaciones se debieron a la labor, primero independiente y luego
conjunta, de Heaviside y de Hertz.
En su
apropiación, reelaboración y difusión de la teoría maxwelliana Heaviside contó
con la decisiva colaboración de otros físicos ingleses, a los que se ha llamado
"los maxwellianos", fundamentalmente
G. F. FitzGerald y
O. Lodge en los primeros años, añadiéndose luego
J. Larmor, aunque la relación de Heaviside con este
último fuese menos armoniosa que con los otros.
A pesar de su
implicación en ella, Heaviside no consideraba que la teoría maxwelliana estuviese
concluida o que tuviese la última palabra. No consideró siquiera que los
experimentos de Hertz de 1886-1888 fuesen una prueba irrefutable de su
corrección. Los problemas que planteaba el movimiento del éter y su mismo
concepto estaban ahí para demostrarlo y una complicación más vino a significar
el creciente papel teórico del
electrón
en los años finales del siglo XIX junto a sus confirmaciones experimentales,
que obligaron a modificar los conceptos de carga y de corriente maxwellianos.
Heaviside participó activamente en la extensión de las ecuaciones de campo a
las cargas móviles (electrones) y proporcionó algunas de las primeras
soluciones completas.
Instrumentos
matemáticos
La
representación simbólica de magnitudes físicas dotadas de orientación fue un
proceso de consolidación lenta, que fue realizándose a lo largo del siglo XIX,
empezando por los números complejos, aplicables al plano. Su generalización al
espacio fue naturalmente más difícil todavía. Tal era el propósito de la teoría
de cuaterniones de
W. R. Hamilton. En el estudio del electromagnetismo
resulta esencial disponer de una notación concisa y eficaz para el manejo de
vectores espaciales y Maxwell había usado los cuaterniones, pero utilizándolos
muchas veces de manera simplificada. Para los propósitos pedagógicos y
sistematizadores de Heaviside esto no era suficiente, por lo que elaboró el
análisis vectorial como un álgebra
independiente, formulada en la que sigue siendo su forma actual en el capítulo
III de
Electromagnetic theory. Allí se contienen también las razones de
su rechazo de la teoría cuaterniónica, asunto sobre el que mantuvo hasta el
final de su carrera encendidas polémicas con
P. G. Tait, su principal expositor y defensor. De todos
modos el cálculo vectorial era prácticamente desconocido para los ingenieros y
físicos de su época (Heaviside tuvo que enseñárselo a Hertz), lo que contribuyó
a dificultar la comprensión de los escritos de Heaviside, a pesar de los
denodados esfuerzos pedagógicos de éste, hasta el punto de que su amigo Lodge
los calificase no sólo de difíciles, sino incluso de "excéntricos y en
ciertos aspectos repelentes".
Fue también
uno de los creadores del cálculo mediante operadores,
cálculo operativo o
cálculo operacional, de tanta utilidad
posterior en ingeniería, a cuya elaboración y exposición dedicó buena parte de
su actividad de los años 1894 a 1898, recogida en el volumen segundo de
Electromagnetic
theory. Aunque el método no se generalizó hasta después de su muerte, se lo
ha considerado como uno de los tres grandes avances matemáticos del último
cuarto del siglo XIX.
Heaviside
concebía las matemáticas como una ciencia experimental y despreciaba a los
"matemáticos puros" académicos. Sus matemáticas no se ocupaban de
demostraciones o de teoremas existenciales, sino de resolver problemas físicos,
cuyas relaciones funcionales son sencillas y no requieren el análisis
exhaustivo de todas las posibilidades abstractas. Ni que decir tiene que la
opinión que de él y sus métodos tenían los matemáticos profesionales no era en
correspondencia muy buena.
3) "Back to James Maxwell's and Nicola Tesla Vision About Space", S. Sarg.
https://es.scribd.com/document/47913651/Maxwell-and-Tesla-Vision-of-Space
Reproduzco el texto como lo obtuve antes de que estuviera parcialmente condicionado. Respeto la propiedad intelectual y este sitio no me produce beneficios económicos. Lo hago solamente en beneficio de la verdad y sabiendo que "en materia de educación se pierde lo que no se da".
Back to James Maxell’s
and Nikola Tesla vision about space
S. Sarg
Abstract The vision of recognized famous
physicists about the space has been different from the currently adopted one.
James Maxwell, the founder of modern electrodynamics, has been a rigorous
supporter of the Ether concept. Albert Einstein did not agree with the
formulation of the Quantum mechanics in 1925 and especially the concept about
the physical vacuum. Number of experiments and observations now indicate that
the physical vacuum may not be a void space but containing a superfine
structure in which case it must have two states: a steady state and a transient
one. The original form of the Maxwell’s equations is different than the later
tailored vectors form, so the latter case may describe only the steady state of
the physical vacuum. A hundred years ago, Nikola Tesla, having the Maxwell’s
vision about the space, claimed a successful energy transmission that is
unexplainable by the Modern physics. Recently a team of Russian scientists reported,
20 kW energy transmission by 80 micron wire using the Tesla method. One
alternative concept about the physical vacuum suggested in the recently
published Basic Structures of Matter theory may serve as a fundamental base for
analysis of this kind of experiments from a different point of view.
Today, the academicians of Modern Physics try
to imply that James Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory is not based upon the
Ether. From his original publications, however, it is clear that Maxell has
been a strong supporter of the Ether concept and rigorous attacker of those who
ignores this objectivity [1] (see article four, section: Maxwell supports
Ether). In A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism vol. II [2] James Maxwell
concludes on the last page in favor of the Ether: ".....whenever energy is
transmitted from one body to another in time, there must be a medium or
substance in which the energy exists after it leaves one body and before it
reaches the other” Attacking the opponents of his concept Maxwell say: My
further researches lead me to find that these 'eminent men’ who take upon
themselves the task of ignoring anything that contradicts their cherished
beliefs, follow what is called Scientism. And Scientism is well known by some
people as a corruption of Science that is really a ‘pseudo religion.’ With so
many ‘eminent men’ following their religion of Scientism and pretending it to
be Science, it is little wonder that the world is in a very ‘sorry state’ of
affairs. The acceptance of Ether existence automatically leads to the
conclusion that it should possess two kinds of features: steady state and
transient one. The Maxwel’s belief about the existence of Ether is a riddle for
the physicists now. Could it be a Maxwell’s delusion? It becomes apparent now
that it is not. His original equations defined for 20 field variables have been
formulated in quaternion form (see A. Waser [3]). Later Oliver Heaviside and
William Gibbs have transformed them into vector forms that have not been
recommended by Maxwell. This is the today’s known form of the Maxwell’s
equations. Recently K. J. van Vlaenderen and A. Waser in the article
“Electrodynamics with scalar field” [4] show that the electrodynamics can be
efficiently formulated in biquaternion form in which the original Maxwell’s
concept is preserved. The major profit from this is the prediction of the
existence of longitudinal 1 electroscalar waves in vacuum. Such waves has been
experimentally observed firstly by Nikola Tesla and recently confirmed by
experiments.
The price for tailoring the Maxwell’s equations
to the known today vector form could be the exclusion of the transient state
properties of the vacuum. That’s why some physical phenomena may look like
paradoxes and some experiments seam to contradict to the “laws of physics”. In
other words the transient state of the vacuum is outside of the filed of view
of the Modern physics today. It stands to reason that the dark matter whose
signature is now observable in all galaxies [11,12] is in fact an underlying
superfine structure of the space we live.
In the most of the standard physics textbooks
it is written that Einstein disproved the Ether (aether), when it talks about
the Michelson Morley experiment. However, if you look at the book: Sidelights
on Relativity - Einstein says he did not disprove the ether, just showed that
one version of it was wrong [5]. Really the "ether" concept evolved
in General relativity and becaming a "space-time." But that
interpretation gets lost in confusion as people try to think from the
formulated postulates in Quantum Mechanics. As a result the General relativity
gets interpretation different than the original concept. In fact Einstein did
not agree with the 1925 theory of Quantum Mechanics [1,5,6]. Today physicists
are taught that the ‘ether’ concept is part of history. In fact, in the Modern
physics the natural media or “ether” is replaced by some of its attributes,
such as: quantum fluctuations of the physical vacuum, zero-point energy,
spacetime metrics and other names [1]. Now the Modern physics is deprived to
solve the paradox: studying the properties of the physical vacuum while
ignoring the existence of the carrier of these properties. Such approach led to
development of abstractive theories where the human logic fails. While this has
been opposed by some open minded scientists in the beginning of the 20th
century, now the replacement of the human logic by mathematical one is silently
acceptable.
Today, the orthodox wing of the physics
community rigorously opposes any revision of the formulation of the Quantum
mechanics in 1925, creating in such way a barrier that restricts the research
of the transient phenomena. In a desire to provide explanations without departure
from the officially adopted concept, some physicists propose non realistic
theories based only on mathematical logic (multidimensional space, time
reversal, warm wholes, black holes ecaporation, parallel universes, overusing
of the uncertainty principle and so on). This leads to a fallacy and ambiguity.
In this aspect the article "The Greatest Math Error, by Dave Pressler,
reported in international meeting and published in Journal of Theoretics
appears very useful [7]
One of the greatest discoverers Nikola Tesla
undoubtly could be considered as a pioneer researcher of the transient
properties of the natural medium – the physical vacuum. Being closer to the
experiments, than to the abstractive theories, he always referenced the space
(a physical vacuum) as a Natural Medium. He unveiled experimentally some of the
hidden properties of the space. His experiments, not understood by the modern
physics, now are labeled as “exotic”. Despite the fact that Nicola Tesla has
been the greatest inventor contributing to the industrial boom of the beginning
of the 20th century, he considers himself mostly a discoverer than an inventor.
The discovered by him Radian energy in fact is a phenomenon belonging to the
transient state of the space (physical vacuum). This discovery is so
significant, that it could be compared with the electromagnetic induction
discovered by Michael Faraday. This kind of achievement and the theoretical
vision of Nikola Tesla are dismissed by the contemporary modern physics today,
because they do not match to some postulates in the 1925 formulation 2 of the
Quantum Mechanics. That’s why he did not obtain the credit he deserves from the
physics community today.
Some researchers now succeeded to replicate
some of the Tesla experiments getting similar results. Presently, one may find
quite rich information about such experiments by Internet sources, than in the
pages of the officially supported journals. While skeptics prefer to close
their eyes for such information, it is quite useful for open mind thinkers.
A team of scientists from a Russian scientific
institution (D. S. Strebkov et al) has rediscovered the method of the single
wire energy transmission based on the Tesla discoveries 100 years ago. Their
experimental results are published in two articles [8,9] in a New Energy
Technology magazine. The abstract of the article “Investigation of 20 kW, 6.8
kV, 80 mkm Single-Wire Electric Power System” [8] says:
“20 kW, 6.8 kV,
diameter 80 mkm (micron), 6 m long electric power transmission line was tested.
There was demonstrated appearance of specific current density 600 A/mm2 and
specific electric power density 4 MW/mm2 without overheating of copper
single-wire line of 80 mkm diameter”.
In the text description of the second paper [9]
by the same authors, “New Results of Development and Testing of Single-Wire
Electric Power System”, it is written: “The equipment comprised Tesla
transformers, which were connected to the line with two resonant circuits, and
adjusted to the resonant frequency f0, where 100 . Placed in the beginning of a
line the resonant circuit consists of the primary winding, the step-up high
frequency Tesla transformer and condensers battery, which were connected in
parallel to the primary winding. The parallel resonant circuit was connected to
the static frequency converter. As a load there were used 24 filament lamps
(220 V, 1 kW) that were arranged in 12 parallel groups, each consisted of 2
connected in series lamps. The lamps were connected to a step-down Tesla
transformer through a 400 V/25 kW bridge rectifier.” Hz f 100kHz < 0 <
Based on provided experiments the Russian team claims that a technology is
developed allowing them to obtain six patents. For the priory art only the
Tesla patent “Apparatus for transmission of electrical energy [10] is cited.
The newly developed unified theory Basic
Structures of Matter [13,14], based on an alternative vacuum concept, agrees in
full with the Maxwell and Tesla’s vision about the space. It suggests quite
successful original model of the underlying structure of the physical vacuum
giving a fundamental bases for analysis of physical phenomena in both states of
the space, the steady state and the transient one.
Discussion: Presently, the official peer
review journals currently do not accept an open discussion about such important
topic as the space-time fabrics (physical vacuum). Any attempt for challenging
the status quo usually is marked as a speculation. In the time of Internet,
however, the distribution of scientific information could not be restricted.
Independent peer review journals have been formed. They provide fast and
credible information for the researchers. Such journals or data bases for
examples are: the Journal of Theoretics [15], the 3 New Energy technologies
magazine [16], the data base of the Institute of New Energy [17] the Keely net
data base [18] and many other sources. Presently, some experiments, related to
the zero point vacuum energy, are provided by independent private organizations
and researchers. Without a credible physical theory, the experimenters usually
work in a darkness following some intuition. At such conditions and lack of
funding, the successful results are very rare. But even in a successful
experiment the skeptics claim that the results contradict to the lows of Physics.
This does not means automatically a contradiction to the laws of Nature,
because some present law of physics may occure to be incoplete due to an error
of adopted vacuum concept.
Referencies and links:
1. http://www.einsteinconspiracy.co.uk/(about
the distortion of the original vision and ideas of some of greatest physicists
in order to match the current vision of the Modern physics today
2. J. C. Maxwell. A Treatise on Electricity
& Magnetism, (1893) Dover Publications, New York ISBN 0-486-60636-8 (Vol.
1) & 0-486-60637-6 (Vol. 2)
3. A. Waser, On the notation of Maxwell’s field
equations, www.aw-verlag.ch/EssaysE.htm (2000)
4. K. J. van Vlaenderen and A. Waser,
“Electrodynamics with the scalar field, www.awverlag.ch/EssaysE.htm also with
slight adaptations: van Vlaenderen Koen and A. Waser, “generalisation of
classical electrodynamics to admit a scalar field and longitudinal waves”,
Hadronic Journal 24, 609-628 (2001)
5. Albert Einstein, Sidelights on Relativity
(edition available by amazon.com)
6. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky and N. Rosen, Can
Quantum-mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?,
Physical Review, v. 47, 777-780 (1935)
7. D. Pressler, Greatest Math Error, Journal of
Theoretics, vol. 5-1, (2003) (Extracted from a lecture at 12th Midwest
Relativity Meeting at Chicago University in 2002).
8. D. S. Strebkov, S. V. Avramenko, A. I.
Nekrasov, O. A. Roschin, Investigation of 20 kW, 6.8kV, 80 mkm Single-Wire
Electrical Power System, New Energy technology, #6, 52-54, (2002)
9. D. S. Strebkov, S. V. Avramenko, A. I.
Nekrasov, O. A. Roschin, New Results of Development and Testing of Single-wire
Electric Power System, New Energy technology, #5, 17-19, (2002)
10. Nikola Tesla, Apparatus for transmission of
electrical energy, US Patent 649621, 15.05.1900. www.keelynet.com/tesla/
11. D. F. Roscoe, An analysis of 900 optical
rotation curves: Dark matter in a corner?, Pramaha journal of Physics, Indian
Academy of Sciences, v. 53, No 6, pp. 1033-1037, (1999)
12. L. Ferrarese, D. Merrit, A fundamental
relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies,
http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0006053 (29 Aug 2000)
17. Institute of New Energy
www.padrak.com/ine/index.shtml 18. Data base www.keelynet.com
Es importante conocer la influencia que tuvo Rogelio Boscovich y su "física de los puncta" en los trabajos de Lord Kelvin, Maxwell y Nicola Tesla. Al respecto prometo poner alguna información en este sitio.
Otra referencia:
Haifeng Wang, Luping Shi, Boris Luk'yanchuk, Colin Sheppard y Chong Tow Chong (2008). «Creation of a needle of longitudinally polarized light in vacuum using binary optics». Nature Photonics, Vol.2, pp 501-505.
Nota agregada el 13 de julio de 2020
La referencia
«1) "On the Notation of Maxwell's Field Equations", André Waser, 28/06/2000.
André Waser, Birchli, CH-8840 Einsidelm; andre.waser@aw-verlag.ch
https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/kkieu/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2018/01/Orig_maxwell_equations.pdf»
ha desaparecido de la red. Consecuentemente, procedí a fotografiar las páginas del artículo que había bajado cuando estaba disponible. Estas páginas voy a publicarlas hoy como un artículo nuevo.
Cuando cité esta página en el artículo en Wikipedia, al poco tiempo fue borrado. En la página histórica de la enciclopedia encontré un muy respetuoso escrito de quien supongo es un físico profesional o un ingeniero, en el que decía que el artículo en cuestión era oscuro y que, no habiendo otros antecedentes, era prudente sacarlo del dominio público. De cualquier forma quedaba el antecedente grabado si nuevas evidencias lo rehabilitaban. Aquí soy el único dueño del contenido y, cierto o falso, no quiero que se pierda. Este trabajo que voy a publicar hoy tiene derechos de propiedad intelectual. No pude pedir autorización al autor, pero pienso que es más importante que no se pierda y que personas capacitadas puedan analizarlo y decidir si lo que dice es correcto o no. De otra forma, desaparece, y nadie podrá beneficiarse de él. Lo hago en beneficio de la verdad.